{"id":99155,"date":"2018-06-21T11:40:54","date_gmt":"2018-06-21T09:40:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/?post_type=library&#038;p=99155"},"modified":"2019-07-09T11:44:30","modified_gmt":"2019-07-09T09:44:30","slug":"policy-options-for-regulating-pharmaceuticals-in-the-environment","status":"publish","type":"library","link":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/library\/policy-options-for-regulating-pharmaceuticals-in-the-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"POLICY OPTIONS FOR REGULATING PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h4>Releases of pharmaceuticals into the environment: an issue of growing concern<\/h4>\n<p>Over 100,000 tonnes of pharmaceutical products are consumed globally every year (24% in Europe). During their manufacture, use and disposal, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) as well as other chemical ingredients are released into the environment (BIO Intelligence Service, 2013).<\/p>\n<p>A very substantial share of pharmaceutical production now takes place overseas. This is particularly the case for antibiotics and other generic medicines. China produces 80-90% of antibiotic APIs and Indian companies lead the production of finished dose products. There have been numerous high-profile pollution scandals at antibiotics production sites in both China and India, resulting in the spread of drug-resistant bacteria (Changing Markets, 2016). Possible downstream pollution from manufacturing plants has been observed in the EU and other parts of the world (BIO Intelligence Service, 2013).<\/p>\n<p>APIs are released in high amounts to the environment during human and veterinary consumption of drugs, as between 30 and 90% of an oral dose is excreted in urine as an active substance. A global review shows that over 600 different APIs have been detected in the environment (Lyons, 2014), in some cases at levels that pose a high risk to the environment. Pharmaceuticals have also been monitored in drinking water, waste-water, sewage sludge and soils (BIO Intelligence Service, 2013).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":99156,"template":"","library_category":[435],"library_tags":[456],"class_list":["post-99155","library","type-library","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","library_category-chemicals","library_tags-position"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/library\/99155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/library"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/library"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"library_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/library_category?post=99155"},{"taxonomy":"library_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eeb.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/library_tags?post=99155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}